why is software portability important
Portability is attained by ignoring the target architecture as much as possible. The template concept seems to hold some promise in addressing the problem of portable expression of parallel algorithms and applications. Portability across multicore processors and operating systems also requires programming time and programming expertise. The products are immature, have experienced outages, and lack some desirable capabilities (e.g., as of mid-2008, Amazons S3 product does not support firewall configuration based on IP address). Imagine tunning your enviroments every single staging, no dev-ops team wants to deal with unnecessary work just because code is not flexible. Targeted communication interfaces include Ethernet, UART, and SPI. Alternatively, you can download the ARM CMSIS package from www.onarm.com, which contains examples and documentation. Typically, for a given distributed memory MIMD machine, a template consists of a set of communicating processes with mapping directives on the processor network, and with an analytical performance model used to automatically tune parameters such as degree of parallelism and task granularity. This standard describes platforms for high-performance ECUs for highly automated and autonomous driving[104]. Instead of residing on vehicles or mobile phones, applications can communicate with vehicles over the Internet. Before availability of CMSIS, intrinsic functions were generally compiler specific and could cause problems in retargetting the software in a different compiler. A good generic model allows these tuning parameters to be calculated from its machine parameters. OSEK/VDX specifications are reused in the AUTOSAR software architecture: the AUTOSAR operating system is backward compatible with OSEK OS (while providing more functions)[99], and the AUTOSAR communication module is also derived from OSEK COM[100]. Note that in some cases, the intrinsic functions in CMSIS could have similar names compared with the intrinsic functions provided in the C compilers, whereas the CMSIS intrinsic functions are compiler independent. Rewriting an algorithm for a refined data-type can be automated if the relationship between the abstract and realization data-types is specified accurately by an abstraction function.
Similarly, it is possible to generate several executables, each implementing different algorithms and data-structures based on the special characteristics of the computer under consideration. In this section, we study existing platforms and classify them according to the dimensions identified in the previous section. It is targeted at both manufacturers and third-party developers (although the software distribution method is not detailed in the project). Separate APIs are designated for each waveform or class of waveforms. In a totally portable application, all related files would be stored in a single folder so it can be copied with one command. This allows embedded OS to set up the SYSTICK unit based on the system clock frequency. There have been several proposals for multipurpose platforms. At the time of writing this book, it is still under development. Standardized intrinsic functions: Intrinsic functions are normally used to produce instructions that cannot be generated by IEC/ISO C.* By having standardized intrinsic functions, software reusability and portability are considerably improved. The applications on these platforms are typically limited to infotainment. Users can interact with applications via vehicle displays, sound systems, input controls, or via the user interfaces of the smartphones. Secondly, smartphones are easier and more affordable to update compared to in-vehicle systems. Notable mobile platforms are CarPlay[91], Android Auto[92], MirrorLink[93], and AppLink[94]. These platforms use the vehicle as peripherals to a mobile smartphone, with applications running on the smartphones CPU. The scope of CMSIS involves standardization in the following areas: Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) for Cortex-M processor registers: This includes standardized register definitions for NVIC, System Control Block registers, SYSTICK register, MPU registers, and a number of NVIC and core feature access functions.
To support multiple applications, modern cars are often equipped with 70 to 100 ECUs, or even more in the case of luxury cars. However, even if the management of these resources is provided by sophisticated hardware mechanisms, compilers, or operating systems, the programmer often has to take special care in writing the programs so that these mechanisms can be effective. These platforms are mature, with various components and tools certified to various safety standards[8789]. For each target architecture, an implementation template can be associated with each of these forms of parallelism. Some examples of OSEK/VDX implementations are presented in[77,78,101]. As a result, only car manufacturers and suppliers can install software on these platforms. Thirdly, smartphones provide user information that can be used to personalize applications. This is the reason for choosing OpenMP for the demonstration examples in this chapter. For example, fluid dynamic problems often induce 2D/3D dimensional grid structures.
It also avoids overlapping of core peripheral driver code when reusing software code from other projects. AUTOSAR Classic Platform specifications cover three areas: (1) a software architecture, (2) a methodology and templates for system development, and (3) compatible software interfaces at the application level[98]. Conceptual JTRS SCA compliant hardware. This chapter presents an automated, model-based framework that uses static analysis to detect and diagnose Web configuration faults. These platforms are deeply integrated into the in-vehicle networks. OSEK/VDX10 and AUTOSAR11 are two standards for application platforms for automotive control systems. Time is necessary to find the best ways to exploit them by transforming and specializing the code. This requires having different program variants, the selection of which is determined by the programs tuning parameters. CMSIS is tested by multiple parties and is Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) compliant, thus reducing the validation effort required for developing your own NVIC or core feature access functions.
Tony J. Rouphael, in RF and Digital Signal Processing for Software-Defined Radio, 2009. For development of portable code, you should use the core access functions to access core functionalities and middleware access functions to access peripheral. For example, the OpenMP [7, 8] parallel programming model has been adopted by the entire software community and can be found as an integral part of any compiler and operating system. Van Huynh Le, Nicola Zannone, in Computer Communications, 2018. Again, this helps new users to start to use Cortex-M microcontrollers and aids software portability. While achieving portability is key for a wide range of software types, it is particularly important in Web application development. AppLink additionally provides eCall functionality[94]. To develop applications for CarPlay, developers need to register with Apples MFi program[110], which is available for companies, organizations, government entities and educational institutions[111]. Waveform APIs are defined such that maximum portability can be attained on any given JTRS platform. Consequently, it is possible to generate several versions of an algorithm for different representations of the data, after which these algorithms can be compared with respect to performance. In the effort to fully exploit this approach, improve practicality, and maximize fault detection efficiency, manual and automated approaches to client support knowledge acquisition have been implemented, variations of Web application and support criteria models have been investigated, and visualization of configuration fault detection results has been explored. The file core_cm3.c contains implementation of CMSIS intrinsic functions that cannot be implemented in core_cm3.h using simple definitions. Another you can try is to use platform-independent language (for example, while C# is great for Windows, on Linux it is not the best option).
Today's multicore architectures are very diverse in the levels of parallelism and data storage they provide. Parallel Performance Portability is much more difficult than sequential portability. Our approach is to model source code support in various configurations and perform portability analysis by checking for support violations in source code inclusion.
The APPSTACLE project[95] is another initiative proposing an Internet-based platform.
ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. A Framework for Detecting and Diagnosing Configuration Faults in Web Applications, Pitfalls and Issues of Manycore Programming, The Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3 (Second Edition), : This makes it easier for users to learn new Cortex microcontroller products and improve, High-Level Requirements and Link Budget Analysis, RF and Digital Signal Processing for Software-Defined Radio, Cloud computing: A new business paradigm for biomedical information sharing, Security and privacy for innovative automotive applications: A survey, It specifies a software architecture for automotive control systems, with the goal of. The CMSIS has a small memory footprint (less than 1 KB for all core access functions and a few bytes of RAM). For example, some cloud offerings offer a non-standard programming environment or lack persistent storage. A popular alternative to embedded infotainment platforms is to run applications on smartphones. The basic idea behind this approach is that source code fragments (i.e., Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) tags and Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules) embedded in Web application source code adversely impact portability of Web applications when they are unsupported in target client configurations. The drawback of this approach is that generic, but suboptimal, methods must be chosen. This results in a more complex source code with an attendant decrease in performance.
They also want too avoid lock-ins (on certain libraries or dependencies). 3). CEO at DX Heroes | Developer Experience | Developer Portals & SDKs , Problems Software Portability Helps to Solve, Issues in the Specification and Measurement of Software Portability. Model-based parameter optimization provides a form of adaptive algorithm.
For each MCU device, the MCU vendor provides a header file, which pulls in additional header files required by the device driver library, including the Core Peripheral Access Layer defined by ARM (see Figure 10.8). Such questions are not always easy to answer. An instance of such components is represented by dedicated interfaces deployed by vehicle manufacturers (e.g.,ECU 2.n in Fig. Common access functions for communication: This provides a set of software interface functions for common communication interfaces including universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART), Ethernet, and Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). If automatic generation of source-code is a goal, all development steps must be worked out precisely. This may be tedious, depending on the tools that are available. 
Regarding functionality, all mentioned multipurpose platforms support applications of mixed criticality by enforcing isolation of applications. The platform also comprises an open in-vehicle platform for gathering data from in-vehicle networks. So, it is possible that the costs exceed the benefits. In the past two decades the motivation of the vendors of parallel computers to build machines based on these topologies stems from the ambition to match the physical topologies to the geometry and logical structures of common algorithms in computer science. One will need to identify ones needs and evaluate vendors track records. The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) was developed through the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Joint Program Executive Office (JPEO). This approach restricts the computational model seen by programmers and allows them to use only a small set of skeletons or high-level parallel language constructs.
Common method for system initialization: Each Microcontroller Unit (MCU) vendor provides a SystemInit() function in their device driver library for essential setup and configuration, such as initialization of clocks. It can be very difficult to determine the cost vs. benefits ratio. SCA defines the basic building blocks in such a way that the resulting template can be used in developing specific APIs for various waveforms. For some AUTOSAR-related products, including platform implementations, tools, and training, we refer to[79,80,102].
Portability in high-level computer programming is the usability of the same software in different environments. Software portability, or the degree to which application can be moved from one environment to another and get essentially the same results, is obviously of supreme practical importance. Software portability is a key concern when configuration settings affect software correctness and target operational environments are highly configurable. The system_
The CMSIS defines the basic requirements to achieve software reusability and portability. CMSIS Provides a Standardized Access Interface for Embedded Software Products. Standardized system exception names: This allows OS and middleware to use system exceptions easily without compatibility issues. At the end of 2008, there were more than five C compiler vendors, and more than 15 embedded Operating Systems (OS) supporting the Cortex-M3 processor.
The first release of CMSIS was available from fourth quarter of 2008 and has already become part of the device driver library from microcontroller vendors. Should the existing program be ported, or should an equivalent program be redeveloped? By continuing you agree to the use of cookies.
For example, Google Play Store and Apples App Store provide services, such as navigation, music streaming, and application distribution to Android Auto and CarPlay (see mobile platforms).
For embedded OS vendors and middleware providers, the advantages of the CMSIS are significant. For other vehicles, the OBD-II port can be extended with aftermarket adapters. The CMSIS is divided into multiple layers as follows: Name definitions, address definitions, and helper functions to access core registers and core peripherals, Common method to access peripherals for the software industry (work in progress). There are many hardware and software platforms; it is not only the Windows world. A necessary, but still not sufficient, condition for a parallel programming model to become a portable one is its widespread adoption by the community. By using the CMSIS, their software products can become compatible with device drivers from multiple microcontroller vendors, including future microcontroller products that are yet to be released (see Figure 10.10). Again, it can be difficult to deal with this and similar questions. However, mobile platforms are not without disadvantages[1]. Portable applications can be converted from one computer environment to another one. It defines the SDR's primary operating environment. With respect to ADAS, some production platforms are QNX Platform for ADAS[87], Green Hills Platform for ADAS[88], and Wind River Helix Drive[89]. The AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform standard[104] is an effort to address this problem. However, in most deployed systems, access to in-vehicle networks and vehicle data is fairly limited. What degree of portability is desired for the various environments? For CMSIS, negative numbers are for system exceptions and positive numbers are for peripheral interrupts. Parallel applications induce different logical structures, such as tree, mesh, hypercube, and butterfly. More users mean increased profit. The role of these layers is summarized in Figure 10.7. Standardized way for embedded software to determine system clock frequency: A software variable called SystemFrequency is defined in device driver code. OSEK/VDXandAUTOSARare mature open standards.
The hardware platform is divided into three main sections: the black section where the data is encrypted between the various interfaces, the crypto section that encrypts and de-encrypts the data going from the red section to the black section and vice versa, and the red section where the data flows in de-encrypted format between various devices. Without the CMSIS, the software vendors either have to include a small library for Cortex-M3 core functions or develop multiple configurations of their product so that it can work with device libraries from different microcontroller vendors. Despite these limitations, several mobile platforms have been designed. As a result, embedded OS and middleware can be MCU vendor independent and compiler tool vendor independent. Another data collection method is to extend a vehicle interface with an adapter. Trucks and buses made by major European manufacturers are optionally equipped with FMS interfaces (see Section2.2). There are two types of cross-platform software: An Internet-based application platform supports the development, deployment, and management of such applications. FIGURE 10.6. Given current approaches and limited development resources, it is a significant challenge to develop Web applications that are viewable, functional, and portable for the vast Web configuration space. Cloud unfamiliarity and immaturity: Virtualized data centers, including clouds, require additional skills to maintain security. SCA has numerous key features that can be organized into four major categories: The software architecture is based on an embedded distributed computing environment mainly defined by an operating environment (OE), applications, and logical devices. These platforms provide rich features for infotainment applications, including user interface libraries, audio/video playback, voice services, Internet, WiFi, Bluetooth, cellular connectivity, and integration of mobile devices. First, they provide contents to in-vehicle or mobile platforms. Thus, most laboratories and consortia should seek a vendor who offers a close match to conventional UNIX, Linux, or Windows servers. Since all CMSIS compliant device driver libraries have a similar structure, learning to use different Cortex-M3 microcontrollers is even easier as the software interface has similar look and feel (no need to relearn a new application programming interface). Divide-and-conquer algorithms induce tree structures; the FFT algorithm induces a butterfly structure; and the Batchers sort algorithm induces a hypercube structure. A software component can be developed as a generic module to increase its degree of portability, parameterized by types, by operations, or by other modules. The CMSIS was developed by ARM to allow users of the Cortex-M3 microcontrollers to gain the most benefit from all these software solutions and to allow them to develop their embedded application quickly and reliably (see Figure 10.6). While applications designed natively for a cloud may not have difficulties, existing ones may. The high number of ECUs has an impact on costs, complexity, and space problems[1,105]. Other technical obstacles include: Software portability: Before one switches to a new environment, one needs to ensure that critical applications (biomedical and security) will continue to run, despite technical and licensing issues. Besides easy migration between different Cortex-M3 microcontrollers, it also allows software to be quickly ported between Cortex-M3 and other Cortex-M processors, reducing time to market. - the second one can be directly run on any platform. Cyntrica Eaton, in Advances in Computers, 2012. Figure 4.1. These techniques are now making a comeback [22, 23]. improve software portability and reusability, enable software solution suppliers to develop products that can work seamlessly with device libraries from various silicon vendors, allow embedded developers to develop software quicker with an easy-to-use and standardized software interface, allow embedded software to be used on multiple compiler products, avoid device driver compatibility issues when using software solutions from multiple sources. Portable data can be moved from one database or repository to another. It applies to the software that is available for two or more different platforms or can be recompiled for them. If one has to find the best mix of these resources for every program then the lack of program portability is unavoidable. It will remain in draft mode until October 2018. Parallel constructs correspond to those forms of parallelism (pipeline, task farm, data parallel, and reduce) that are more often encountered in parallel algorithms. This means, for example, that one must make sure that data placed in longer latency storage by the compiler get accessed infrequently, or that the levels of parallelism supported automatically by the given machine will be apparent to the optimization tool. - the first one requires individual building or compilation for each platform Expertise is necessary to understand the characteristics of the machine and the application. In addition, CMSIS compliant device drivers also contain start-up code (which contains the vector table) for various supported compilers, and CMSIS version of intrinsic functions to allow embedded software access to all processor core features on different C compiler products. The client configuration used to navigate and interact with Web content is known to be an important factor in the subsequent quality of deployed Web applications. This leads to portability with high-performance because the library selects and tunes the best implementation for the current platform and workload. It implies that the data are in electronic files that are readily accessible rather than only visually on a screen. This is part of traditional transition planning and cannot be ignored when moving to a cloud. There is a need for efficient matching techniques to cope with the parallel portability problem caused by the diversity of parallel architecture and parallel programming models. You might also find examples in the device driver libraries itself. These platforms typically offer two main functions. By having these common access functions in the device driver library, reusability and portability of embedded software are improved. The CMSIS is also available for Cortex-M0. Walled gardens prevent data from being easily transferred. The lack of parallel software portability is mainly because high-speed computers support parallelism in many different forms, such as instruction-level parallelism, vector parallelism, loop-level parallelism, and task parallelism. The various security requirements can be classified into key categories as listed in [5]: Security policy enforcement and management. OSEK/VDX is a standards body formed by eight German and French automotive companies.12 It specifies a software architecture for automotive control systems, with the goal of software portability and reusability[96]. To preserve the simplicity, ease of use, and portability of the programming workmanship, there is a need to move up to a higher level of programming abstractions. Application platforms can reduce this problem by consolidating several functions in one ECU. Common Portability kinds are applicatiion, source code and data portability. AUTOSAR Classic Platform[97] is a successor of OSEK/ VDX. These dedicated interfaces can be used to collect and send data to the manufacturers or their contracted providers data centers via wireless connections[112]. The system_
Horizontal stands for platform/dependency flexibility. Since the CMSIS is incorporated inside the device driver library, there is no special setup requirement for using CMSIS in projects. A simple example of using CMSIS in your application development is shown in Figure 10.9. For multimedia and telematics applications, some popular in-vehicle platforms are QNX CAR Platform for Infotainment[81], Windows Embedded Automotive[82], GENIVI[83] (production), Automotive Grade Linux[84], Apertis[85], and Automotive Grade Android[86] (experimental). Arnon Rosenthal, Patti Reynolds, in Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 2010. The RTOS utilizes a POSIX2-based processing infrastructure in order to enable full JTRS functionality. These are proprietary platforms built for vehicle manufacturers and suppliers. The file core_cm3.h contains the peripheral register definitions and access functions for the Cortex-M3 processor peripherals like NVIC, System Control Block registers, and SYSTICK registers. However, an aware programmer can avoid using features that might cause unspecified behaviors. Building executable programs for different platforms from source code; this is usually called porting. As a result, attaching an adapter to the OBD-II port can cause unexpected security and privacy consequences. Reinstalling a program from distribution files on another computer of basically the same architecture.
Standardized method of header file organization: This makes it easier for users to learn new Cortex microcontroller products and improve software portability. However, the OBD-II port was originally designed to work with readers for diagnosis.
