cobalt concentrate grade
3j, and the results show that the material had a high reversibility. Resources of Co and Ni available for auto-LIB cathode materials [26]: (a) amount of Co and Ni available in Earths crust compared to their terrestrial mining reserves; (b) dependence of metal prices on their concentration in the ore; (c) distribution of resources of Co by concentration and (d) country of origin; (e) historical prices for Co; (f) distribution of resources of Ni by concentration and (g) country of origin; (h) historical prices for Ni. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. 
Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. Most of the worlds Ni terrestrial resources are hosted in Ni laterites (70%) and sulfides (30%) [46] (Fig. The cobalt atom has a radius of 125 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 192 pm. The demands for Co use in magnets [56] and superalloys [57] will also likely experience growth. %) (Fig. 3d. , CO-M-03-CONC If we limit ourselves to 9.2 Mt of economically viable Co reserves then these would be exhausted by early 203035 (Fig. Among the various spinel metal cobalt ores, CuCo2O4 is considered to be an attractive electrode material for HSCs because of its low cost and nontoxicity. Direct-Liquid-Evaporation Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nanocrystalline Cobalt Metal for Nanoscale Copper Interconnect Encapsulation. 1907/2006.Substance is not listed.The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the market and use must be observed.Substance is not listed.Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use)Substance is not listed.REACH - Pre-registered substancesSubstance is listed.Chemical safety assessment:A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out. For simplicity, we assumed that on average the EV LIB will be made with NCA cathodes with relatively low amount of Co (9.2 wt.%) and high Ni content (48.9 wt.%). Enter email to auto receive SDS. Fig. 3c). %) [30]; (ii) 4.84 Mt high-grade ores (0.30.9 wt. In its elemental form, cobalt has a lustrous gray appearance. UN-NumberDOT, ADN, IMDG, IATAN/AUN proper shipping nameDOT, ADN, IMDG, IATAN/ATransport hazard class(es)DOT, ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATAClassN/APacking groupDOT, IMDG, IATAN/AEnvironmental hazards:N/ASpecial precautions for userN/ATransport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC CodeN/ATransport/Additional information:DOTMarine Pollutant (DOT):No. Do not use water.For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agentsWaterSpecial hazards arising from the substance or mixtureIf this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:Metal oxide fumeAdvice for firefightersProtective equipment:No special measures required. Sens. 
%) [30], (iv) 5.75 Mt lower grade ores (0.10.2 wt. 3a shows the energy storage demand contributions, which are close to previous estimates [6]. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Safety Data Sheet (SDS). 1 H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction.Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or Directive 1999/45/ECXn; SensitizingR42/43: May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact.R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.Information concerning particular hazards for human and environment:N/AHazards not otherwise classifiedNo data availableLabel elementsLabelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008The substance is classified and labeled according to the CLP regulation.Hazard pictograms, GHS08Signal wordDangerHazard statementsH334 May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled.H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction.Precautionary statementsP284 In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray.P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.P342+P311 If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/P363 Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.WHMIS classificationD2A - Very toxic material causing other toxic effectsClassification systemHMIS ratings (scale 0-4)(Hazardous Materials Identification System) HEALTH FIRE REACTIVITY000Health (acute effects) = 0Flammability = 0Physical Hazard = 0Other hazardsResults of PBT and vPvB assessmentPBT:N/AvPvB:N/A, SubstancesCAS No. 2a). The situation with Ni is slightly better the EV demands would exceed feasible mining from the currently economically viable reserves by 2040 and surpass unsustainable 8 Mt per year by 2050 (Fig. constructed a graphene-based composite with ideal properties and ordered sandwich structure. For example, the Earths crust contains approximately 0.7 Pt [25] (peta metric tons) of Co, however, the commercially viable deposits of this metal are limited to only 25.5 Mt (million metric tons) [26] (Fig. Cobalt-60 Machines and Medical Linear Accelerators: Competing Technologies for External Beam Radiotherapy. HandlingPrecautions for safe handlingKeep container tightly sealed.Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.Ensure good ventilation at the workplace.Prevent formation of dust.Information about protection against explosions and fires:No special measures required.Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesRequirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:No special requirements.Information about storage in one common storage facility:Do not store together with acids.Further information about storage conditions:Keep container tightly sealed.Store in cool, dry conditions in well-sealed containers.Specific end use(s)No data available, Additional information about design of technical systems:No further data; see section 7.Control parametersComponents with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:7440-48-4 Cobalt (100.0%)PEL (USA) Long-term value: 0.1* mg/m3as Co; *for metal dust and fumeREL (USA) Long-term value: 0.05 mg/m3as Co; metal dust & fumeTLV (USA) Long-term value: 0.02 mg/m3as Co, BEIEL (Canada) Long-term value: 0.02 mg/m3IARC 2BEV (Canada) Long-term value: 0.1 mg/m3Ingredients with biological limit values:7440-48-4 Cobalt (100.0%)BEI (USA) 15 g/LMedium: urineTime: end of shift at end of workweekParameter: Cobalt (background)1 g/LMedium: bloodTime: end of shift at end of workweekParameter: Cobalt (background, semi-quantitative)Additional information:No dataExposure controlsPersonal protective equipmentFollow typical protective and hygienic practices for handling chemicals.Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.Breathing equipment:Not required.Protection of hands:Not required.Penetration time of glove material (in minutes)No data availableEye protection:Safety glassesBody protection:Protective work clothing, Information on basic physical and chemical propertiesAppearance:Form: Solid in various formsColor: GreyOdor: OdorlessOdor threshold: No data available.pH: N/AMelting point/Melting range: 1495 C (2723 F)Boiling point/Boiling range: 2927 C (5301 F)Sublimation temperature / start: No data availableFlammability (solid, gas)No data available.Ignition temperature: No data availableDecomposition temperature: No data availableAutoignition: No data available.Danger of explosion: No data available.Explosion limits:Lower: No data availableUpper: No data availableVapor pressure at 994 C (1821 F): 0.0000001 hPaDensity at 20 C (68 F): 8.92 g/cm3 (74.437 lbs/gal)Bulk density at 20 C (68 F): 850 kg/m3Relative densityNo data available.Vapor densityN/AEvaporation rateN/ASolubility in Water (H2O): InsolublePartition coefficient (n-octanol/water): No data available.Viscosity:Dynamic: N/AKinematic: N/AOther informationNo data available, ReactivityNo data availableChemical stabilityStable under recommended storage conditions.Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.Possibility of hazardous reactionsNo dangerous reactions knownConditions to avoidNo data availableIncompatible materials:AcidsHazardous decomposition products:Metal oxide fume. 3c shows that the surface of the microsphere was composed of many small nanoparticles, forming a highly porous shell. The origin of the word Cobalt comes from the German word "Kobalt" or "Kobold," which translates as "goblin," "elf" or "evil spirit. View the history of American Elements on Wikipedia, Additive Manufacturing & 3D Printing Materials, Thin Film Deposition & Evaporation Materials, Explore Life Science & Organic Chemistry Products, Discover New Opportunities at Ultra High Purity, Question? Cobalt (atomic symbol: Co, atomic number: 27) is a Block D, Group 9, Period 4 element with an atomic weight of 58.933195. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Another important concern for the battery industry is that only Class 1 Ni (the high-purity Ni >99.8%; priced at 35% higher than the reference LME prices [49]) is suited for battery production due to the ease of processing and low purification cost to produce nickel (II) sulfate (NiSO4), a LIB cathode precursor [50]. 2h). Without a change in the LIB chemistry, an immense amount of Co supply would be needed to satisfy the annual transportation demand: 0.32 Mt by 2030 rapidly growing to 0.76 Mt by 2040 and to 1.3 Mt by 2050 (Fig. %) and (v) 10.3 Mt very low grade deposits (0.010.1 wt. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The CV curves of this material is shown in Fig. synthesized cedar leaf-like CuCo2O4, and its electrochemical performance indicated that it was a promising SC electrode material [102]. Co-60, a commercially important radioisotope, is useful as a radioactive tracer and gamma ray source. Still, the depletion of the high-grade Co ores should inevitably increase prices of already rather expensive Co. High levels of radioactive uranium in some of the remaining ores [34] will additionally contribute to substantially higher Co processing cost. Refining Class 2 Ni (lower-class purity Ni <99.8% ferronickel, or nickel pig iron, NPI) remains prohibitively expensive for LIBs [48]. When Cu and Ni were substituted for Co, the Co content in the tetrahedral and octahedral centers decreased, and the substitution of these ions significantly increased the intensity of the redox peak. Waste treatment methodsRecommendationConsult official regulations to ensure proper disposal.Uncleaned packagings:Recommendation:Disposal must be made according to official regulations. China has gradually gained controls in the export of Co-containing ore from the DRC, becoming the world largest Co refinery (Fig. 2h). In order to investigate the potential availability of Co and Ni resources, we have built a projection model for year 20252050 based on the demand by electric transportation industry, including (i) electric cars, (ii) busses and (iii) trucks. 1c). Multiple other factors may contribute to the volatility of Co and Ni prices (Fig. Fig. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes, and 36,000 lb. Note that we optimistically considered both Class 1 and Class 2 Ni, which makes our estimations to be best case scenarios and doubling the Ni prices may be needed to initiate investments in the currently marginally feasible reserves to catch up with the expected demand. Michael etal. Periodic table of the elements, materials science and academic information, elements and advanced materials data, scientific presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements. 3b, c). ToxicityAquatic toxicity:No data availablePersistence and degradabilityNo data availableBioaccumulative potentialNo data availableMobility in soilNo data availableAdditional ecological information:Do not allow material to be released to the environment without official permits.Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities to reach groundwater, water courses, or sewage systems.May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.Avoid transfer into the environment.Results of PBT and vPvB assessmentPBT:N/AvPvB:N/AOther adverse effectsNo data available. 2f). As such, independent increase in Co demand would unproportionally increase its mining cost. The progress and cost reduction in such technologies is rather slow. The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. Onion-like nanoporous CuCo2O4 hollow spheres were prepared by Ensafi using a simple self-templating method, and their morphology is shown in Fig. 2d) [40]. 2fg) [26]. 2b) [15,27], because lower mineral concentration increases the amount of the ore that must be processed and typically requires employment of additional capital-intensive processing technologies [28]. A bioinspired ionic liquid tagged cobalt-salophen complex for nonenzymatic detection of glucose. synthesized a Cu-substituted Ni-Co binary spinel oxide. 3h further verifies that this electrode material had good capacitive behavior. A flower-like NixCo3-xO4 was prepared by Che etal., and it was found that the electrochemical properties of the materials with changing Ni:Co ratios were equally affected, among which Ni1.5Co1.5O4 had a good energy storage property when it was used as the cathode in a capacitor [107]. However, the prevalence of Ni-rich cathodes to satisfy the grand demands of the future electric transportation may face similar challenges of price volatility and price increase. While public pressure to adopt better practices has led some companies to follow strict regulations to verify Co suppliers [44], many mines continue to employ problematic practices. tanker trucks. Gorge, Meese-Marktscheffel, Naumann, Olbrich, and Schrumpf (2004) patented conversion of spheroidally agglomerated basic cobalt(II) carbonate and spheroidally agglomerated cobalt(II) hydroxide, process for making submicron cobalt metal powder. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. 3c), forcing the price increase to open up marginally feasible reserves (Fig. Subsequently, Tamboli etal. 1907/2006 (REACH). Registered Trademark. The synergistic effects of graphene and metal oxides not only enhances their contribution to pseudocapacitors but also makes greater use of the active materials [22]. 1997-2022 American Elements. Its unique structure affords CuCo2O4 excellent electrochemical performance [19]. 3e). , CO-M-05-CONC, Relevant identified uses of the substance: Scientific research and development, Supplier details:American Elements10884 Weyburn Ave.Los Angeles, CA 90024Tel: +1 310-208-0551Fax: +1 310-208-0351, Emergency telephone number:Domestic, North America: +1 800-424-9300International: +1 703-527-3887, Classification of the substance or mixtureClassification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008GHS08 Health hazardResp. The capacitance of Ni0.8Cu0.2Co2O4 was 458Fg1 [108]. Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal and is used primarily in the production of magnetic and high-strength superalloys. 2H2O (Baco-Carles, Arnal, Poquillon, & Tailhades, 2008; Gingerich & McClintic, 1980). Ask an American Elements Materials Science Engineer, Publish your research on the American Elements website, Chemical Research in Flanders - Chemistry Conference for Young Scientists (CRF-ChemCYS). Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresNot required.Environmental precautions:Do not allow material to be released to the environment without official permits.Do not allow product to enter drains, sewage systems, or other water courses.Do not allow material to penetrate the ground or soil.Methods and materials for containment and cleanup:Dispose of contaminated material as waste according to section 13.Prevention of secondary hazards:No special measures required.Reference to other sectionsSee Section 7 for information on safe handlingSee Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.See Section 13 for disposal information. Other researchers have also contributed to these materials [52]. Consumption of Ni by aerospace, batteries and stainless steel production industries rapidly deflates Ni ore grade (Fig. The lack of environmental legislation enforcement in Africa has caused the mines to have a significant negative impact on the overall health of the dwellers of neighborhoods adjacent to the Co production facilities [41,42]. Suppression of superconductivity and resistivity anomaly in Rh17S15 by cobalt substitution. This electrode material has potential applications in SCs, batteries and detectors [109]. Other significant limitations of Co for EVs and other cost-sensitive applications with relatively small profit margins are its price volatility and its dependence on the Cu/Ni mining industries [38]. Figure 2. Kostiantyn Turcheniuk, Gleb Yushin, in Materials Today, 2021. also prepared nanostructured Mn1-xNixCo2O4 with different structures. We also assumed that electrification of trucks will be delayed till 2030 [54,55]. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.If swallowed:If symptoms persist consult doctor.Information for doctorMost important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayedNo data availableIndication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment neededNo data available, Extinguishing mediaSuitable extinguishing agentsSpecial powder for metal fires. The intermittent shortage of Co supply or the accumulation of stocks when Co demand was weakened (e.g., induced by changes in the metallurgical industries) caused substantial volatility of Co prices (Fig. Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicity:The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains acute toxicity data for components in this product.LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification:Oral LD50 6171 mg/kg (rat)Skin irritation or corrosion:No irritant effect.Eye irritation or corrosion:May cause irritationSensitization:May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled.May cause an allergic skin reaction.Germ cell mutagenicity:The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains mutation data for this substance.Carcinogenicity:IARC-2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans: limited evidence in humans in the absence ofsufficient evidence in experimental animals.ACGIH A3: Animal carcinogen: Agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) not considered relevant to worker exposure.Available epidemologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans.Available evidence suggests that the agent is not likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains tumorigenic and/or carcinogenic and/or neoplastic data for this substance.Reproductive toxicity:No effects known.Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure:No effects known.Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure:No effects known.Aspiration hazard:No effects known.Subacute to chronic toxicity:No effects known.Additional toxicological information:To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known. The selling prices of materials inversely correlate with their concentration in available deposits (Fig. Enhanced peroxidase activity and tumour tissue visualization by cobalt-doped magnetoferritin nanoparticles. %), (iii) 3.21 Mt medium-grade Co ores (0.20.3 wt. 2e) [39]. Reaction Parameters Influencing Cobalt Hydride Formation Kinetics: Implications for Benchmarking H2-Evolution Catalysts. Sonochemical oxidation of vanillyl alcohol to vanillin in the presence of a cobalt oxide catalyst under mild conditions. CO-M-02-CONC The total terrestrial Co resources are estimated to be 25.5 Mt [30,32], with: (i) 1.38 Mt of the highest-grade ores (1.01.5 wt. Global car sales approached 80M in 2019 [52]. With current Co mining capabilities of less than 0.15 Mt per year, the industry would need to increase fivefold by 2040 to keep up with the demand (Fig. All rights reserved. Comparative NO2-sensing in cobalt and metal-free porphyrin nanotubes. American Elements is a U.S. The specific capacitance of Ni-doped MnCo2O4 mesoporous microspheres electrodes were significantly higher than those of undoped MnCo2O4 electrodes. Other researcherss have also contributed to the development of FeCo2O4 as an electrode material [53,54,104]. COPYRIGHT 1997-2022 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. The exposure to Co dust has been associated with adverse respiratory, pulmonary, and neurological diseases that lead to cancers and breathing difficulties, danger to unborn children and deaths to those exposed for prolonged time [43].
Wang etal. 3i shows that there was a positive synergistic effect in the CuCo2O4/rGO composites due to their ordered sandwich structure [101]. Xiaowen Guo, Huan Pang, in Energy Storage Materials, 2019. In 2016, about 2.1 Mt were consumed by all industries with battery-related applications accounted for <10%. Your email address will not be stored! See more Cobalt products. Some companies use the autoclave method to produce nickel, cobalt and copper powders. In comparison, the prices of metals which are contained in the high-grade ores, such as Fe (20%) or Al (11%), will likely not change considerably [35]. Looking at the amount of metals present in Earths crust may lead to erroneous conclusions about their abundance and availability because the cost of most metals is strongly influenced by their concentration in ore [24]. Photo release of nitrous oxide from the hyponitrite ion studied by infrared spectroscopy. Similar to previously reported flower-like transition metal cobaltites, the ionic entry rate was increased due to the large gaps between adjacent petals. In addition, several researchers have studied polymetallic oxides with noninteger ratios, such as the urchin-like MnCo2O4.5 prepared by Li and colleagues, which had an excellent rate performance [105,106]. 2c). Cobalt was first discovered by George Brandt in 1732. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. The commercially viable deposits of Ni have been estimated to be between 74 and 130 Mt [45] (Fig. Nearly 60% of Co mined in 2019 came from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) [30], which possess majority of all commercially available Co deposits [33]. Fig. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixtureNational regulationsAll components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL).SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings)7440-48-4 CobaltCalifornia Proposition 65Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer7440-48-4 CobaltProp 65 - Developmental toxicitySubstance is not listed.Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, femaleSubstance is not listed.Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, maleSubstance is not listed.Information about limitation of use:For use only by technically qualified individuals.This product is subject to the reporting requirements of section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986 and 40CFR372.Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulationsSubstance of Very High Concern (SVHC) according to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 2c) [30]. Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. The CD measurement in Fig. The uneven distribution of the Co-rich minerals in Earth poses yet another big risk [40]. Outstanding barriers to the development of lateritic-Ni is in high capital cost of processing facilities, stable oxide mineralogy, low Ni concentrations, high moisture content, large volumes of consumables, fewer opportunities for side-product recovery, very high energy requirements, and technical challenges of hydrometallurgical process [47,48].
Please join us and our customer and co-sponsors. As the world will face the depletion of the rich (>1%) Ni ores in 20years, the increase in Ni prices may be inevitable. developed a graphene-wrapped CuCo2O4 hollow spherical electrode. Similarly, Nis content in the Earths crust is 2.1 Pt, the commercially available deposits of Ni are estimated to be 130 Mt (Fig. The number of electrons in each of cobalt's shells is 2, 8, 15, 2 and its electron configuration is [Ar]3d7 4s2. While the identifiable Co resources on the seabed are massive (120 Mt) [30], they will not be available to satisfy the growing EV demands because the seabed mining is very expensive [36], and because the development of suitable environmental policy regulations that protect the safety for the deep ocean habitat will take decades [37].
